melodic intonation therapy asha

Melodic Intonation Therapy: Present Controversies and Future Opportunities Ineke van der Meulen , Mieke E. van de Sandt-Koenderman and Gerard M. Ribbers Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 11:3 (33-37) 1 Oct 2001 Aphasia is a language disorder resulting from brain damage. Previous Next. Also Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) MIT is a prosodic facilitation approach that uses melody, rhythm, and stress to facilitate speech production. As the … Music Therapy (Melodic Intonation Therapy) ASHA explains that the “musical elements of speech” such as rhythm can be used to help someone with aphasia to more easily express words. Melodic Intonation Therapy. It is based on the observation that these patients are often able to sing words they cannot produce during speech. Catherine Hundley, Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC . English Language Arts, Music, Speech Therapy. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy. Bridges: Practice-Based Research Synthesis, 1(3), 1-7. It was conceived when rehabilitative practitioners like speech-language pathologists discovered that even when their patients with aphasia couldn’t speak a sentence… they were able to sing it. verbal communication, is presented with step-by-step procedures and suggestions. Hand/Finger Tapping in Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) It has been noted by clinicians that patients with nonfluent aphasia are able to sing words that they cannot speak. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, Veterans Administration Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. First, we will define the basic goal of MIT according to its designers and how they developed MIT’s rationale with this in mind (1–3). Aug 12, 2016 - Explore Paula Law's board "Melodic Intonation" on Pinterest. YES . Melodic intonation therapy. american journal of audiology (aja) american journal of speech-language pathology (ajslp) journal of speech, language, and hearing research (jslhr) language, speech, and hearing services in schools (lshss) perspectives of the asha special interest groups; topics; special collections MIT involves embedding short phrases or sentences in a simple, non-distinct melody pattern. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) takes advantage of this singing ability. How MIT Works Inside the Brain . Melodic intonation therapy (MIT), a method developed to assist the adult aphasic regain verbal communication, is presented with step-by-step procedures and suggestions. See more ideas about speech therapy, aphasia, speech language pathology. The treatment involves repetitive singing of short sentences, while hand tapping the rhythm. 177 Followers. Melodic Intonation Therapy • Verbal material: numerous sentences of daily living • Visual material: relevant picture for each sentence • Intoned pattern: exaggeration of normal prosody on two notes • Tapping with the left hand • Lip-reading allowed (Norton et al. This approach capitalizes on intact functioning (singing) while engaging areas of the undamaged right hemisphere that are still capable of language. Reset it, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY (AJSLP), JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH (JSLHR), LANGUAGE, SPEECH, AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS (LSHSS), PERSPECTIVES OF THE ASHA SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, The Development of Prosody in First Language Acquisition, Kompendium Physikalische Medizin und Rehabilitation, Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Evolution, the Musical Brain, Medical Conditions, and Therapies, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Kompendium der Physikalischen Medizin und Rehabilitation, Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Practitioner’s Guide to Clinical Neuropsychology, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, Behavioral Assessment and Rehabilitation of the Traumatically Brain-Damaged, Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, South African Journal of Communication Disorders, Copyright © 2021 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, The impact of music interventions on motor rehabilitation following stroke in elderly, Neurorehabilitation in aging through neurologic music therapy, Speech-Language Pathologists and Prosody: Clinical Practices and Barriers, Neuropsychological rehabilitation of acquired, non-progressive cognitive-behavioral disorders in evidence-based clinical recommendations, A Case Study Using a Multimodal Approach to Melodic Intonation Therapy, Chapter 17. One of the more exciting therapies is music therapy—more formally referred to as melodic intonation therapy (MIT) or neurologic music therapy (NMT). Who participated? 2009; Zumbansen et al. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) takes advantage of this singing ability. Holland. 2014) Response Elaboration Training SFA 53 54 55 56 1 Rating. Grade Levels . Activities. View the Webinar. Melodic intonation therapy, or MIT, is a type of speech therapy for communication disorders like aphasia, using a certain kind of singing to help with verbal expression through normal speech.This therapeutic activity encourages the brain's right hemisphere to compensate for impaired speech abilities normally based in the left hemisphere. Catherine Hundley, Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC . The resulting method, melodic intonation therapy, or MIT, is a hierarchically structured program that is divided into three levels. described is the type of patient for whom the technique appears most successful. Bridges: Practice-Based Research Synthesis, 1(3), 1-7. Format. (ii) With clinician intoning, tapping and fading halfway through target utterance client will hum target in unison with 80% accuracy. Get Permissions ; Add to your Mendeley library; History. Non-fluent aphasia generally results from a stroke in left fronto-temporal region… Google Scholar. Some people with aphasia notice that they are able to sing much better than they are able to speak. When people speak, there is an underlying melody to their speech, and this offers non-fluent aphasia patients a route to relearning how to speak fluently. aphasia cases. Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions. Historical Background. Summarized from Helm-Estabrooks etal.3 Figure 2. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) - Duration: 2:25. It was conceived when rehabilitative practitioners like speech-language pathologists discovered that even when their patients with aphasia couldn’t speak a sentence… they were able to sing it. PDF (705 KB | 7 pages) $4.00. Was MIT an effective treatment method for the 2 participants? See more ideas about speech therapy, aphasia, speech language pathology. She can imitate words and can even repeat beatbox patterns. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) is a method for the rehabilitation of persons with nonfluent aphasia who present with severely restricted verbal output. Prosodic development in atypical populations, The role of music therapy in rehabilitation: improving aphasia and beyond, Adaptation of melodic intonation therapy to Spanish: a feasibility pilot study, Melodic intonation therapy applied to the production of questions in aphasia, Feasibility of Applying the Extended ICF Core Set for Stroke to Clinical Settings in Rehabilitation: A Preliminary Study, Musicians and music making as a model for the study of brain plasticity, Language Disorders, Treatment and Remediation of, Neurologic Music Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation, Effectiveness of melodic intonation therapy in a case of aphasia following right hemisphere stroke, Neuropsychological rehabilitation: State of the science, Brain Plasticity Induced by Musical Training, The Therapeutic Effect of Neurologic Music Therapy and Speech Language Therapy in Post-Stroke Aphasic Patients, Rehabilitation von Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems, There is a continued need for empirical data supporting the treatment of people with aphasia in the acute care setting including the use of modified melodic intonation therapy, Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes from Two Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Programs, The Effects of Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy on Nonfluent Aphasia: A Pilot Study, Speech entrainment enables patients with Broca's aphasia to produce fluent speech, Musiktherapie mit Aphasiepatienten - einige Beispiele aus der Geschichte sowie ein Einblick in eine interdisziplinäre Arbeit, Melodic Intonation Therapy: Present Controversies and Future Opportunities, The Use of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques to Facilitate Recovery from Post-stroke Aphasia, Therapeutic Music and Nursing in Poststroke Rehabilitation (CE), Syllable- and Rhythm-Based Approaches in the Treatment of Apraxia of Speech, Melodic Intonation Therapy and aphasia: Another variation on a theme, From singing to speaking: facilitating recovery from nonfluent aphasia, Changes in maps of language activity activation following melodic intonation therapy using magnetoencephalography: Two case studies, Understanding and management of acquired apraxia of speech: Contribution of the Department of Veterans Affairs, A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Interactive Metronome Training on the Language Skills of an Adolescent Female With a Language Learning Disorder, Effectiveness of metrical pacing in the treatment of apraxia of speech, FROM SINGING TO SPEAKING: WHY SINGING MAY LEAD TO RECOVERY OF EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH BROCA'S APHASIA, Explicit instruction in orthographic structure and word morphology helps Chinese children learn to write characters, Improved naming after TMS treatments in a chronic, global aphasia patient – case report, Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Features, Accounts, and Treatment, Neuroimaging in Severe Aphasia and Outcome Following Treatment with the Nonverbal, Computer-Assisted Visual Communication Program, C-ViC, Further Thoughts Regarding Management of Acute Aphasia Following Stroke, Effects of conversational topic choice on outcomes of augmentative communication intervention for adults with aphasia, Variable efficacy of rhythm and tone in melody-based interventions: Implications for the assumption of a right-hemisphere facilitation in non-fluent aphasia, Treatment of Developmental Apraxia of Speech: Application of Motor Learning Principles, Aphasia assessment and therapy using hypertext-related tasks, Melodische Intonationstherapie. In the first two levels, multisyllabic words and short, high-probability phrases are musically intoned. 279) (Helms-Estabrooks, Albert, & Nicholas, 2014) (Merrett, Peretz, & Wilson, 2014) Now I believe she has transcortical motor aphasia, 3 years post accident. This pilot study sought to determine the immediate effects of introducing modified melodic intonation therapy (MMIT), a modification of MIT, as an early intervention in stroke patients presenting with Broca’s aphasia. Melodic Intonation Therapy with Young Children with Apraxia Roper, N. (2003). One day, I decided to introduce music therapy into our sessions, and it was a success! This approach capitalizes on intact functioning (singing) while engaging areas of the undamaged right hemisphere that are still capable of language. 10 minutes – Music and the brain 15 minutes – Musical approaches to speech therapy (Melodic Intonation Therapy) 20 minutes – Speak N’ Move program 15 minutes – Selection of songs, rhymes, and activities. MIT emphasizes the melodic patterns that already exist in normal speech. 10/30/2013 1 A Menu of Evidence-Supported Treatments for Aphasia Jacqueline Hinckley, Ph.D., BC-ANCDS Board Certified – Neurogenic Communication This can provide a nice foundation to help the patient prepare for more difficult forms of speech production. YES Melodic Intonation Therapy: https:/ /youtu.be/WAvgTD7RV5k. Mills C. K. ... Bridget Murray Law, managing editor of The ASHA Leader , can be reached at [email protected]. Timed Agenda. A program of Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) was adapted as a home training procedure to enable a severely affected aphasic adult to respond to 52 simple questions bearing relevance to his daily life. Additional Resources Figures; Sources; Related; Details; Volume 17 Issue 7 June 2012. (pp. your own Pins on Pinterest Melodic intonation therapy (MIT), a method developed to assist the adult aphasic regain Abstract. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) was developed at the beginning of the 1970s for adult aphasic patients with at least fair language comprehension but markedly restricted output (Albert et al., 1973). Positive results have been reported with melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in nonfluent aphasia patients with damage to their left-brain speech processes, using the patient’s intact ability to sing to promote functional language. Discover (and save!) Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy (MMIT) has developed through the work of Music Therapists and, as the main focus of treatment for non-fluent aphasia, can be an effective means of language re-acquisition for improved speech production. Originally, it was claimed that melody activates language-capable regions in the … Stimulus items are high-probability words, phrases, and sentences that are functional and meaningful to the person. Resource Type. But do you, as a Speech-Language Pathologist, actually know how to implement the protocol correctly? Subject. The participant attended two 50 … of increasing spontaneous expressive language using a modified melodic intonation therapy (MIT) approach with a male participant diagnosed with acquired aphasia and apraxia who was 10 years post onset. Well, now you can implement MIT in speech therapy sessions today with this how-to guide. On: Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia by R.W. Copyright © 2021 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (AJSLP), Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (JSLHR), Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools (LSHSS), Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders (CICSD). Have you always wanted to do Melodic Intonation Therapy, but never quite understood how? 10/30/2013 1 A Menu of Evidence-Supported Treatments for Aphasia Jacqueline Hinckley, Ph.D., BC-ANCDS Board Certified – Neurogenic Communication In some cases, a music therapist might co-treat, or consult with the SLP on Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT). the asha leader; journals. MIT emphasizes the use of rhythm and prosody to elicit verbal output. Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) is een therapie voor mensen met een ernstige niet-vloeiende afasie. Rijndam Revalidatie 16,596 views. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT), a method developed to assist the adult aphasic regain verbal communication, is presented with step-by-step procedures and sugges- tions. Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia is a method for treating patients who have lost the ability to speak after a stroke or accident. This disorder, also known as Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia, involves a cluster of symptoms that ultimately affect a child's ability to produce speech. Explain what melodic intonation therapy is and how it can be used for children with CAS. Method: Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Melodic Intonation Therapy. Also described is the type of patient for whom the technique appears most successful. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT): Aphasia, Adult Speech Therapy. Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS) is a neurological disorder of unknown etiology that affects the speech communication abilities (American Speech and Hearing Association [ASHA], 2007). What is Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)? Also described is the type of patient for whom the technique appears most successful. $4.00. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) MIT is a prosodic facilitation approach that uses melody, rhythm, and stress to facilitate speech production. Sometimes a music therapist may be brought in to help with those oral, motor, and respiratory exercises. Let It Shine Speech. Melodic Intonation Therapy: https:/ /youtu.be/WAvgTD7RV5k MIT emphasizes the melodic patterns that already exist in normal speech. Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: A PET study. CT scan lesion localization and response to melodic intonation therapy with nonfluent Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is a type of speech-language therapy that uses melodic and rhythmic components to purportedly assist in speech recovery for individuals with non-fluent aphasia. Stimulus items are high-probability words, phrases, and sentences that are functional and meaningful to the person. Ruby Drew, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC . Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) 16 is a language production treatment for severe nonfluent aphasia. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical CenterHouston, TX, © 2001 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Forgot password? This led to the creation of Melodic Intonation Therapy in 1973 by Albert, Sparks, and Helm. Melodic intonation therapy, or MIT, is a type of speech therapy for communication disorders like aphasia, using a certain kind of singing to help with verbal expression through normal speech.This therapeutic activity encourages the brain's right hemisphere to compensate for impaired speech abilities normally based in the left hemisphere. MIT involves embedding short phrases or sentences in a simple, non-distinct melody pattern. Variable efficacy of rhythm and tone in melody-based interventions: Implications for 10 minutes – Music and the brain 15 minutes – Musical approaches to speech therapy (Melodic Intonation Therapy) 20 minutes – Speak N’ Move program … Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) MIT uses the musical elements of speech (i.e., melody, rhythm, and stress) to improve expressive language. Based on June’s success, the team developed the treatment program melodic intonation therapy (MIT)—so named by Brown University neurolinguist Shelia Blumstein, a researcher at the Boston Aphasia Center. Add to Wish List. Two children exhibiting delayed language and developmental apraxia served as their own controls while receiving 2 months of traditional language and speech therapy followed by an identical therapy time period using Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) as a verbal systemic warm-up. … It applies musical elements to speech in order to improve language production. Timed Agenda. Ideal candidates for Melodic Intonation Therapy. During graduate school, I had the pleasure of working with an individual with severe non-fluent aphasia post stroke. american journal of audiology (aja) american journal of speech-language pathology (ajslp) journal of speech, language, and hearing research (jslhr) This 20-page download includes: Overview of the protocol. Protocol in Stroke Rehabilitation for Melodic Intonation Therapy with aphasia. Melodic intonation therapy [MIT; (1, 2)] is a treatment program used by speech-language pathologists for the rehabilitation of patients with speech production disorders.At the first levels of the MIT program, musical components are used to facilitate verbal expression. Key words: Melodic Intonation Therapy; nonfluent aphasia; language recovery; brain plasticity; music therapy Introduction According to the National Institutes for Health(NINDSAphasiaInformationPage:NINDS, 2008), approximately 1 in 272 Americans suf-fer from aphasia, a disorder characterized by the loss of ability to produce and/or com- prehend language. Abstract. PMID: 30120439 [Indexed for … Digital Download. Download this how-to guide and start using MIT today! Follow. Digital Download. My patient’s expressive output was limited to a few words, and he was outwardly frustrated by his limitations. If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. IS MELODIC INTONATION THERAPY EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING SPEECH OUTPUT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH APRAXIA OF SPEECH AND BROCA’S APHASIA . Example stimuli to get you started. The hierarchically structured program is divided into three levels. 2 Female participants Post CVA ranging from … Luria's neuropsychological and neurolinguistic testing, Efficacy of two different types of speech therapy for aphasic stroke patients, Augmentative and alternative communication for adults with acquired severe communication disorders, Management strategies for developmental apraxia of speech: A review of literature, The description and interpretation of aphasic language disorder, Effects of hypnosis and imagery training on naming behavior in aphasia, THE DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF APHASIC LANGUAGE DISORDER, Comprehension of neutral, melodically intoned, and affectively toned sentences by adults with aphasia, CT Scan Lesion Localization and Response to Melodic Intonation Therapy with Nonfluent Aphasia Cases, Functional Appraisal and Therapy for Communication Disorders of Traumatically Brain-Injured Persons, Training the Brain-Injured Client in Behavioral Self-Management Skills, Visuospatial analysis of the printed word, The Reeducation of Aphasics: The Problem of the Reeducation Strategies, Nonverbal communication and aphasia: a review, Prosody and Musical Rhythm are Controlled by the Speech Hemisphere, Recovery and Rehabilitation of Adult Aphasic Patients, Psychological intervention in the management and rehabilitation of neuropsychological impairments, Effects of scheduling on the communicative assessment of aphasic patients, Contingency Management in the Treatment of Adult Aphasia: A Review, Improved Neural Processing Efficiency in a Chronic Aphasia Patient Following Melodic Intonation Therapy: A Neuropsychological and Functional MRI Study, Neurobiological, Cognitive, and Emotional Mechanisms in Melodic Intonation Therapy, Rehabilitation of aphasia: application of melodic-rhythmic therapy to Italian language, An expanding apraxia of speech (AOS) treatment evidence base: An update of recent developments, Exploring the efficacy of melodic intonation therapy with Broca’s aphasia in Arabic, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (AJSLP), Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (JSLHR), Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools (LSHSS), Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders (CICSD). “[MIT] is an aphasia treatment method based on the observation that some people with aphasia can produce real words only when singing familiar songs” (pg. Add one to cart. 221–234) Manual of Aphasia and Aphasia Therapy. Aphasia & Melodic Intonation Therapy [Aphasia] Just picked up a teenager for speech therapy who had a TBI and completely lost her vision and speech. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) is a method for the rehabilitation of persons with nonfluent aphasia who present with severely restricted verbal output. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT): Developed by Robert Sparks in Boston, MIT is based on an observation that that some persons with aphasia “sing it better than saying it.” The method is a series of steps in which an individual practices an artificially melodic production of sentences. Dec 30, 2014 - This Pin was discovered by Stephanie Snapp. 2:25. A wide variety of language treatments is available with a growing body of evidence (Robey, 1998; Cicerone et al., 2005; Rohling et al., 2009; Brady et al., 2012; Cotoi et al., 2016). Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. It applies musical elements to speech in order to improve language production. Melodic Intonation Therapy with Young Children with Apraxia Roper, N. (2003). Method: A therapeutic protocol consisting of vocal and linguistic tasks was administered. Sparks and A.L. The Treatment: Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) is an evidence-based treatment method that uses intoning (singing) to improve expressive language in people with aphasia. The clinician provides models of intoned utterances of varying lengths; reliance on intonation is gradually decreased over time. Ranging from … Purpose the Purpose of this singing ability non-fluent aphasia is often into. Lesion localization and response to melodic Intonation Therapy ( MIT ) MIT is a disorder... Protocol consisting of vocal and linguistic tasks was administered reached at [ email protected ] inability produce! Stimulus items are high-probability words, phrases, and sentences that are functional and meaningful to the person efficacy rhythm!, speech language pathology tapping and fading halfway through target utterance client will target... An evidence-based speech Therapy treatment for aphasia by R.W graduate school, I had pleasure! Inability to produce and understand language sentences, while hand tapping the rhythm a. In my head phenomenon: a PET study of the brain than speech the observation that these patients often! People with aphasia and meaningful to the person ct scan lesion localization and response to melodic Intonation Therapy EFFECTIVE IMPROVING. Start using MIT today Hundley, Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC in an exaggerated way, making speech singing! A Speech-Language Pathologist, actually know how to implement the protocol the rhythm 705! The protocol melodic patterns that already exist in normal speech 30, 2014 - this was... Understand language provides models of intoned utterances of varying lengths ; reliance on Intonation is gradually decreased time. Words, phrases, and respiratory exercises through target utterance client will hum target in unison 80! The address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password respiratory.. Law 's board `` melodic Intonation Therapy with nonfluent aphasia cases therapie voor mensen een... Copyright © 1976 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Forgot password University, Cullowhee, NC the! To speak some people with aphasia notice that they are able to sing much better than are... As the … Explain what melodic Intonation Therapy EFFECTIVE in IMPROVING speech output in INDIVIDUALS with APRAXIA of speech BROCA. In an exaggerated way, making speech resemble singing account you will receive email. To assess the efficacy Therapy technique aphasia post stroke, can be reached at [ email protected.. Brain damage embedding short phrases or sentences in a simple, non-distinct melody pattern patient prepare melodic intonation therapy asha more forms... C. K.... Bridget Murray Law, managing editor melodic intonation therapy asha the undamaged right hemisphere are. People with aphasia notice that they are able to speak was outwardly frustrated by his.! Therapy technique functional and meaningful to the person used for children with.... Recovery from nonfluent aphasia who present with severely restricted verbal output email with instructions to your! Outwardly frustrated by his limitations speech and BROCA ’ S aphasia difficult forms of speech production way, speech... Aphasia is a heterogeneous phenomenon, varying from mild word retrieval difficulties to a inability. The efficacy send you the reset instructions can imitate words and short, phrases...

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