[36] This process began with the fall of the monarchy, an event that effectively defrocked the State of its sanctification by the clergy via the doctrine of Divine Right and ushered in an era of reason.[37]. About 300,000 people were arrested, and 17,000 of them were tried and executed. There is disagreement among historians over when exactly "the Terror" began. For other uses, see, "The Terror" redirects here. Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie [homeland, fatherland]. In the provinces, representatives on mission and surveillance committees instituted local terrors. In response to what they viewed to be the meddling of foreign powers, France declared war on 20 April 1792. Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, French La Terreur, period of the French Revolution from September 5, 1793, to July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor, year II). These criticisms were often used by revolutionary leaders as justification for their dechristianisation reforms. The Reign of Terror instituted the conscripted army, which saved France from invasion by other countries and in that sense preserved the Revolution. Accessed 26 October 2018. On 24 June 1793 the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793. [25] In the time it took for officers of merit to use their new freedoms to climb the chain of command, France suffered. On 10 March 1793 the National Convention set up the Revolutionary Tribunal. "The Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)." During the Terror, deputies on mission began attacking the symbols of Catholicism: smashing images, vandalizing buildings, and burning vestments. History of France § Counter-revolution subdued (July 1793–April 1794), History of France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799), France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799), Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history", "Maximilien Robespierre: On the Principles of Political Morality, February 1794", Maximilien Robespierre: Justification of the Use of Terror, Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748, 9 Thermidor: The Conspiracy against Robespierre, Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, Voltaire, Selections from the 'Philosophical Dictionary', https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/montesquieu/, http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199959853.001.0001/acprof-9780199959853-chapter-8, "Maximilien Robespierre | Biography, Facts, & Execution", L’armée de l’an II : la levée en masse et la création d’un mythe républicain, http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm, https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/, http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp, "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article", "Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history, (Maximilien Robespierre)(Biography)", https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9780230294981, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&oldid=1000495051, Short description is different from Wikidata, History articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Still uncertain of its position, the committee obtained the Law of 22 Prairial, year II (June 10, 1794), which suspended a suspect’s right to public trial and to legal assistance and left the jury a choice only of acquittal or death. Yahoo Search Búsqueda en la Web. Although the Terror was an extreme set of laws, they were the only permanent rules that existed among the chaos. In July 1794 Robespierre was arrested and executed as were many of his fellow Jacobins, thereby ending the Reign of Terror, which was succeeded by the Thermidorian Reaction. They fled. [23] Though mostly ignored, Louis XVI was later able to find support in Leopold II of Austria (brother of Marie Antoinette) and Frederick William II of Prussia. Emmet Kennedy. The Reign of Terror took place during the brief period of rule of the urban workers, or 'sans-culottes' , called the Jacobin government because of their alliance with the political Jacobin Club. "Robespierre, "On Political Morality"," Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, accessed 19 October 2018, Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.". "During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial."[6]. Later laws suspended the rights of suspects to both legal assistance and public trials and mandated execution of all those who were found guilty. The Reign of Terror began on September 5, 1793 with a declaration by Robespierre that Terror would be "the order of the day." Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, was removed from the Committee of Public Safety on 10 July 1793. Under the pressure of the radical sans-culottes, the Convention accepted to institute a revolutionary army, but refused to make terror the order of the day. Many people tried to escape to England, Spain, Switzerland, or Germany… In September 1793 price controls were extended to other staple consumer goods, and the armées révolutionnaireswere cre… Configuración These were the infamous September Massacres when Parisian mobs killed thousands of suspected royalists and set the scene for the events to come, when Madame La … Following the execution of Louis XVI, the more radical revolutionaries, the Jacobins, were concerned that foreign and domestic groups would threaten the continuing of the revolution. The ones who don’t offer will be sent to death and that would stop people from following them in their footsteps. It was not until after the execution of Louis XVI and the annexation of the Rhineland that the other monarchies began to feel threatened enough to form the First Coalition. ". On September 5, 1793, they mounted another mass…, The events in France gave new hope to the revolutionaries who had been defeated a few years previously in the United Provinces, Belgium, and Switzerland. Merriman, John (2004). On 22 Prairial (10 June), the National Convention passed a law proposed by Georges Couthon, known as the Law of 22 Prairial, which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal. On 10 November (20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar), the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason. French Revolution. Favourite answer. The dates July 1789, September 1792 and March 1793 are given as alternatives in. Religious elements that long stood as symbols of stability for the French people, were replaced by views on reason and scientific thought. It ended on July 27, 1794 when Robespierre was removed from power and executed. With civil war spreading from the Vendée and hostile armies surrounding France on all sides, the Revolutionary government decided to make “Terror” the order of the day (September 5 decree) and to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (nobles, priests, and hoarders). Other laws set up government control of prices, confiscated lands from those found guilty of failing to support the Revolution, and brought public assistance to the poor and disabled. [citation needed] There was the constant threat of the Austro-Prussian forces which were advancing easily toward the capital, threatening to destroy Paris if the monarch was harmed. Soboul cited in Mona Ozouf. In the spring of 1794, it eliminated its enemies to the left (the Hébertists) and to the right (the Indulgents, or followers of Georges Danton). No matter what the French may claim, if one chooses to open his eyes and read about this tragedy, they are most certainly welcome. However, conscription raised a large army that turned the tide of the war in France’s favor. They regrouped and planned to attack France. 27 February 2018. [6], There was a sense of emergency among leading politicians in France in the summer of 1793 between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution. "Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror." It is the contention of this "Reign of Terror" series to provide accounts and evidence that the nation has endured under a shadow government of ruling elites; especially, since the elimination of a President, who dared challenge the interests of the true masters of the establishment. "War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse (1792-1794).". On 20 Prairial (8 June 1794) the Festival of the Supreme Being was celebrated across the country; this was part of the Cult of the Supreme Being, a deist national religion. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [a], The term of "Terror" to describe a period was forged by the Thermidorian Reaction who took power after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794,[1][2] to discredit Robespierre and justify their actions. "Robespierre and the French Revolution,", This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 09:28. Under the social contract, the government was required to act for the general will, which represented the interests of everyone rather than a few factions. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror, UNRV History - Roman Empire - Reign of Terror. Bertrand Barère exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the convention: "Let's make terror the order of the day! "The First Coalition 1793-1797." Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. The reign of terror, the period in the French revolution when around forty thousand people lost their lives in the name of the revolution was the climax of the French Revolution. [8] The members of the convention were determined to avoid street violence such as the September Massacres of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government.[5]. Montesquieu. Robespierre believed that the virtue needed for any democratic government was extremely lacking in the French people. A Web of English History. In 1793 the ruling Committee of Public Safety suspended the libertarian rights and ideals of the constitution that was still in progress and terror became the government's official stated and voted-upon policy. Voltaire. While the sans-culottes did not have direct power, the gathering appeared amid the fear of the significance of the relationship between political figures, and the subjects of the state. On 13 July 1793 the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat—a Jacobin leader and journalist—resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both. The Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, and Sardinia began attacking France from all directions, besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France. Enlightenment thought emphasized the importance of rational thinking and began challenging legal and moral foundations of society, providing the leaders of the Reign of Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government. In contrast, some Parisian workers and small shopkeepers wanted the Revolution Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. While this series of losses was eventually broken, the reality of what might have happened if they persisted hung over France. On 16 Pluviôse (4 February 1794), the National Convention decreed the abolition of slavery in all of France and in French colonies. The Dantonists were arrested on 30 March, tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April. After their victory in expelling the Girondins, Parisian militants “regenerated” their own sectional assemblies by purging local moderates, while radicals such as Jacques-René Hébert and Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette tightened their grip on the Paris Commune. The Reign of Terror was characterized by a dramatic rejection of long-held religious authority, its hierarchical structure, and the corrupt and intolerant influence of the aristocracy and clergy. Discontent in the Vendée lasted – according to some accounts—until after the Terror. Pp. The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. (Contextualization) Why did the Committee of Public Safety pass the Decree Against Profiteers? Well phrased by Albert Soboul, "terror, at first an improvised response to defeat, once organized became an instrument of victory. During the Reign of Terror, the sans-culottes and the Hébertists put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France. Even though they were vague laws, people accepted the terror because it helped to combat their feelings of alienation and paranoia in regards to all aspects of the revolution. The Terror had an economic side embodied in the Maximum, a price-control measure demanded by the lower classes of Paris, and a religious side that was embodied in the program of de-Christianization pursued by the followers of Jacques Hébert. ), Shusterman, Noah. Document A: Decree Against Profiteers 1. as "The Great Terror" (French: la Grande Terreur). The sans-culottes' violently demonstrated, pushing their demands and creating constant pressure for the Montagnards to enact reform. The most damaging significance of the Terror is the sanguinary era that claimed lives of 35,000 people The way the system run, denounced persons, … Georges Danton was one of the foremost radical leaders during the French Revolution. Yahoo Search. In, Leopold II, and Frederick William. Jean-Clément Martin, La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution, Découvertes/Gallimard, 2010, p. 14-15. (Yale University Press, 1989), 343. [39] In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies, some thirteen departments started the Federalist revolts against the National Convention in Paris, which were ultimately crushed. The Reign of Terror (June 1793 – July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. After the beginning of the French Revolution, the surrounding monarchies did not show great hostility towards the rebellion. People suspected of anti- revolutionary activities were sent to the guillotine in where thousands were killed. [13], Enlightenment thought emphasized the importance of rational thinking and began challenging legal and moral foundations of society, providing the leaders of the Reign of Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government. A Web of English History. [29] As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began, leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory. This activity asks students to look beyond the “chopping block” to discover the political motivations of the man behind the Terror: Maximilien Robespierre. [17], The writings of Baron de Montesquieu, another Enlightenment thinker of the time, greatly influenced Robespierre as well. Alternatively, he may have been shot by the gendarme Merda. Many of his contemporaries commented on Danton's financial success during the Revolution, certain acquisitions of money that he could not adequately explain. Maximilien Robespierre: Maximilien Robespierre was born May 6, 1758, in Arras, France, and died on July 28, 1794 at the guillotine. [citation needed], For a long time it was considered that the Terror ended on 9 Thermidor year II (27 July 1794) with the fall of Robespierre and his supporters and their execution the following day. Its purpose was to purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders. The Reign of Terror is a well-known component of the French Revolution, mostly due to the excessive use of the guillotine to preserve the Revolution. Georges-Jacques Danton, one of the great revolutionary leaders, was also denounced and executed. A combination of food scarcity and rising prices led to the overthrow of the Girondins and increased the popular support of the Montagnards, who created the Committee of Public Safety to deal with the various crises. Voltaire's warnings were often overlooked, though some of his ideas were used for justification of the Revolution and the start of the Terror. On October 7th, in Rheims, the sacred oil of Clovis which was used to anoint French kings was smashed. The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris, where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge, makes it impossible to be sure of the wound's origin. "The First Coalition 1793-1797." It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force. As a result, he decided to weed out those he believed could never possess this virtue. According to French historian Jean-Clément Martin there was no "system of terror" instated by the Convention between 1793 and 1794, despite the pressure from some of its members and the sans-culottes. 224 Chapter 7 In addition, factions outside the Legislative Assembly wanted to influence the direction of the government too. Baker, Keith M. François Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds. Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror. Laws were passed that defined those who should be arrested as counterrevolutionaries, and committees of surveillance were set up to identify suspects and issue arrest warrants. [31] Once the Montagnards gained control of the National Convention, they began demanding radical measures. On September 5, 1793, the Convention decreed that “terror is the order of the day” and resolved that opposition to the Revolution needed to be crushed and eliminated so that the Revolution could succeed. [40], On 23 August 1793 the National Convention decreed the levée en masse:[41], Les jeunes gens iront au combat ; les hommes mariés forgeront les armes et transporteront les subsistances ; les femmes feront des tentes et serviront dans les hôpitaux ; les enfants mettront le vieux linge en charpie ; les vieillards se feront porter sur les places publiques pour exciter le courage des guerriers, prêcher la haine des rois et l’unité de la République. 2014. Today historians are more nuanced. [36] A Festival of Reason was held in the Notre Dame Cathedral, which was renamed "The Temple of Reason", and the old traditional calendar was replaced with a new revolutionary one. [38] The Committee oversaw the Reign of Terror. Corrections? By 1789 the French monarchy was nearly powerless and, for all intensive purposes, the National Assembly was the current government of France. [37] The leaders of the Terror tried to address the call for these radical, revolutionary aspirations, while at the same time trying to maintain tight control on the de-Christianization movement that was threatening to the clear majority of the still devoted Catholic population of France. Power in this assembly was divided between the more moderate Girondins, who sought a constitutional monarchy and economic liberalism and favored spreading the Revolution throughout Europe by means of war, and the Montagnards, who preferred a policy of radical egalitarianism. In Paris a wave of executions followed. Almost 17,000 people were killed by official executions during the Reign of Terror, with historians estimating hundreds of thousands more deaths as part of the revolts throughout France or as unrecorded murders. [24] However, at this point, the war was only Prussia and Austria against France. The French Revolution was an important movement in world history. During the Terror, the Committee of Public Safety (of which Maximilien de Robespierre was the most prominent member) exercised virtual dictatorial control over the French government. Accessed 23 October 2018. On 9 September the convention established paramilitary forces, the "revolutionary armies", to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. Plato’s Republic was a roadmap to justify the City-State. Among those charged by the tribunal, about half were acquitted (though the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial on 10 June 1794). However, for the most part, it destabilized the country, rather than solidifying the gains of the Revolution and leading to a virtuous and happy republic, as its authors had hoped. "Voltaire, Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary." [4] By then, 16,594 official death sentences had been dispensed throughout France since June 1793, of which 2,639 were in Paris alone;[2][5] and an additional 10,000 died in prison, without trial, or under both of these circumstances. The last prisoners awaiting execution during the Reign of Terror in 1794, undated engraving. On 27 August 1791, these foreign leaders made the Pillnitz Declaration, saying they would restore the French monarch if other European rulers joined. On 27 July 1793 Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety. On 14 Frimaire (5 December 1793) the National Convention passed the Law of Frimaire, which gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission. France began this war with a large series of defeats, which set a precedent of fear of invasion in the people that would last throughout the war. [15] Drawing from the idea of a general will, Robespierre felt that the French Revolution could result in a Republic built for the general will but only once those who fought this ideal were expelled. Michel Biard et Hervé Leuwers, " Visages de la Terreur ", dans Michel Biard et Hervé Leuwers (dir. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's execution, and limits on terms of office were fixed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months). On 8 Messidor (26 June 1794), the French army won the Battle of Fleurus, which marked a turning point in France's military campaign and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government. "[7] This quote has frequently been interpreted as the beginning of a supposed "system of Terror", an interpretation no longer retained by historians today. The device takes its name from Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French physician on whose suggestion it was introduced. On 2 June 1793 the Parisian sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed-price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. [28] With so many similarities to the first days of the Revolutionary Wars for the French government, with threats on all sides, unification of the country became a top priority. Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws defines a core principle of a democratic government: virtue—described as "the love of laws and of our country. The Reign of Terror, or the Great Terror, was a massive culmination to the horror of the French Revolution, the gutters flowing with blood as the people of Paris watched with an ntertained eye. Between his arrest and his execution, Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, although the bullet wound he sustained, whatever its origin, only shattered his jaw. Reign of Terror was a period during the French Revolution in which Maximilien-François-Marie-Isidore de Robespierre, leader of the Jacobin Club, clashed heads with the Girondins in an effort to gain control of the vacancy they made on the throne. Accessed 23 October 2018. 27 August 1791. During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial. Baskets full with several heads, countless corpses, and terror, roamed the streets of France. The Convention used this as justification for the course of action to "crush the enemies of the revolution…let the laws be executed…and let liberty be saved. The Reign of Terror also called The Terror was the period of the French Revolution in where the revolutionary government (known as the Jacobin)decided to take strict measures against those being suspected enemies of the revolution. "[19][20] This was, in fact, the same virtue defined by Montesquieu almost 50 years prior. Massive reforms of military institutions, while very effective in the long run, presented the initial problems of inexperienced forces and leaders of questionable political loyalty. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). They had, between them, made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him, so that, after his fall, to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic, putting the advocate's own head at risk. Many long-held rights and powers were stripped from the church and given to the state. Configuración Likewise, all those who wanted changes in England, Ireland, the German states, the Austrian…, After the fall of the Girondins, the Montagnards were left to deal with the country’s desperate position. Anti-clerical sentiments increased during 1793 and a campaign of dechristianization occurred. The National Convention was bitterly split between the Montagnards and the Girondins. On 10 October the Convention decreed that "the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace." On 29 September, the Convention extended price fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods, and also fixed wages. The Committee of Public Safety During the Reign of Terror, France was ruled by a group of men called the Committee of Public Safety. On 6 April 1793 the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety, which gradually became the de facto war-time government of France. From January 1793-July 1794, France was governed by the Committee of Public Safety, in which Danton and Robespierre were influential members. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. The Reign of Terror, commonly The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. 7 in addition, factions outside the Legislative Assembly wanted to influence the direction of the day, with..., at first an improvised response to mass conscription, which developed into a civil.! On 17 reign of terror significance, the Law of suspects was passed, which developed into a civil war laws! 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Time that the justice of exception shall inspire the enemies of the Girondins started on lookout! 1989 ), 64 into their hands lower classes ] however, at first an improvised response to they... To death and that would reign of terror significance people from following them in their footsteps until peace. to French. Conscripted army, which gradually became the de facto war-time government of France maudite de la,... Exceptional revolutionary measures continued after the reign of terror significance '' ( French: la Grande Terreur.!